Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs, which are shown through hierarchical levels within a pyramid. The lower down on the pyramid, the higher the need for satisfaction. These consist mostly of physiological needs and safety which are more important to work on before one can focus on the higher levels which consist of love and self-esteem. The deficiency needs at the bottom while the top is known as a being need. Maslow created the model of the pyramid in 1943 and it helped people to be able to understand and acknowledge their own needs. In deeper connection and studies Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs helped those understand more about the science of mental health as well.
Bloom’s Taxonomy
Bloom’s taxonomy was created as a way to encourage higher-order thought to students by building up from lower-level cognitive skills. Bloom created three essential domains of learning; Cognitive (knowledge), Affective (attitudes), and Psychomotor (manual or physical skills). Although named after Bloom, the publication of the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives followed a series of conferences from 1949 to 1953, which were designed to improve communication between educators on the design of curricula and examinations. Some consider the three lowest levels as hierarchically ordered, but the three higher levels as parallel. The six major categories were knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Bloom’s taxonomy was later revised to Bloom’s Digital Taxonomy.
Backward Design
Backward design by Wiggins and Mr Tighe was created to focus primarily on student learning and understanding. Backward design is a method of designing an educational curriculum by setting goals before choosing instructional methods and for ideas of assessment. The backward design of the curriculum typically involves three stages: 1. identify the results desired (big ideas and skills), 2. determine acceptable levels of evidence that support that the desired results have occurred, and 3. design activities that will make desired results happen (learning events). Backward design challenges “traditional” methods of curriculum planning. In traditional curriculum planning, a list of content that will be taught is created and/or selected.
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1nhsHmahxtpG29Pk1a6Ku4-ZhVELGzGMSJFJB-cVfF_c/edit?usp=sharing
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